The New Muslim Anti-Semitism:
Exploring Novel Avenues of Hatred
Raphael Israeli
Anti-Semitism is an inherent part of Islamic culture, and it was reinforced
over the centuries both by themes imported from Christian anti-Semitism,
such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the blood libel, well-poisoning,
and the like, and by the impact of the Arab-Israeli dispute.
Since the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000, a new element
of operationalization has been added to the old anti-Jewish stereotypes.
Arab and Muslim anti-Semitism has become more concrete, with the
Believers encouraged to take actual violent measures against the Jews
and Israel that have climaxed in the Islamikaze acts of terror.
This intensified anti-Semitism is manifested in pathological vilification
of Jews and Israel, in using Christians as a tool in the battle against
Israel, in resorting to Holocaust denial, and in libeling the Jews as global
conspirators bent on taking over or, alternatively, destroying the world.
The old stereotypes of classical European anti-Semitism have been
copiously replicated in Arab and Muslim writings. Recent Arab-Muslim
anti-Semitism has taken some new forms concurrent with the
enhanced anti-Semitic mood in the West. The main strata of inspiration
have not changed substantially, and include Muslim sources, such as
calling Jews "descendants of apes and swine," and borrowings from
the Christian themes of blood libel, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,
the world Jewish conspiracy, and the various ideas of "poisoning."
Muslims also continue to utilize the Arab-Israeli conflict to cloak anti-
Semitism as anti-Zionism or anti-Israelism.
What is new, however, is the operationalization of the old stereotypes
into concrete acts, ostensibly aimed at countering the "wild"
and uncontrollable conduct of the Zionists and Israelis. This new
operationalization of anti-Semitism appears in many and varied areas,
some of which include:
- Using Christians who have succumbed to the dhimmi state of
mind, both in the Middle East and in Europe, to denigrate Jews
and Zionism
- Expanding the range of hate-mongers from obscurantist clerics
to large strata of mainstream intellectuals and professionals
- Encouraging anti-Semitism as a legitimate tool to combat Israel
- Conspicuously adding Holocaust denial to the old Christian
themes
- Elaborating the theme of poisoning to new levels and adapting
it to Muslim notions
The general vilification of Jews goes on unabated, concurrently
with the novel manifestations of anti-Semitism. The demonization of
the Jews naturally leads to the demeaning of anything they do, produce,
or inspire - such as their movement of national liberation, Zionism,
which is seen as racist and vile just as they are, or their state, Israel,
which deserves elimination just as they do.
Christians as a Tool
In an article in Egypt's government-owned daily Al-Ahram, a Coptic
scholar, Dr. Babawi, castigated the U.S. Congress for not stopping
"Israel's artillery attacks on the Church of the Nativity and the Al-
Aqsa Mosque." Babawi urged American Muslims and Copts to demonstrate
against "crazy Sharon, who began behaving like a madman
after he was hit in his sensitive place by a bullet during the 1948 War,
which left him with only one testicle, something that has affected him
psychologically, and he has become a psychopath, using power to hide
his weakness...."1
The article not only used an Arab tradition of sexually demeaning
an opponent but also distorted the event at the Church of the Nativity
in Bethlehem. Although Palestinians invaded the church at gunpoint,
Babawi imputed the moral wrong to Israel, which tried to dislodge
them from there. But no one could have missed the point: when a
Copt in Egypt, a member of a persecuted minority in an Islamic
country, must show that he is more Arab than his compatriots, an
anti-Jewish attack was the best way to do it.
In another case, the Bishop of the Assyrian Church in Lebanon
asserted that though the heads of today's Church are not Jewish, they
are "led by Jews, whose faith is inimical to God, to the people and
to Christianity" - a condemnation aimed at the previous Pope's support
for reconciliation with the Jews. Babawi cited Jesus as having said
to the Jews: "'You are the sons of Satan, and you practice the will of
Satan your father,' to which they supposedly answered: 'No, we are
not the sons of Satan, we are the sons of Abraham.' But he insisted:
'Had you been the sons of Abraham, you would be acting in accordance
with the precepts of Abraham....You are the sons of Satan.'"2
This delegitimization of the Jews, aimed at gaining favor with the
fundamentalist Hizbullah, seemingly defies logic since the dwindling
Christian minorities in the Islamic world should presumably make
common cause with the Jews. The Muslims, however, pressure the
intimidated Christians into justifying the hatred of the Jews.
As noted, many anti-Jewish stereotypes among Muslims are imported
from Western Christianity while others are Muslim-made. The
parties liberally borrow from each other through the intermediary of
the Eastern Christians in the Muslim world, who are conversant in
both cultures including with regard to anti-Semitism. These Eastern
Christians have not been affected by the Catholic Church's reformed
approach to Judaism. Indeed, in passing interviews with Al-Manar
Television some Christians compared the Islamikaze3 martyrs (shuhada)
of the Al-Aqsa Intifada to Christ's martyrdom, even when
Palestinian gunmen invaded the Church of the Nativity:
We kneel before the Palestinian people in the Church of the Nativity.
They starve and thirst, but they are steadfast....The one who said
"I am hungry" when he was on the Cross was our Lord Jesus himself....
Our Palestinian people in Bethlehem died like a crucified martyr
on the rock guarded by Israeli soldiers armed from head to toe,
who have no compassion, love, life, or tolerance....The Jew has a
principle from which we suffer and which he tries to impose on
people, and that is the principle of Gentiles. To him, the Gentile is
a slave. They give the Palestinians working in Israel only a piece of
bread, and tell them: "This piece of bread that you eat is taken from
our children, and we give it to you so you will live as free men in
your land, but as a proletariat and a slave in Israel, to serve us...."
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are based on this principle, and
anyone who reads the Protocols feels that we are in this state of
affairs with the Jews.4
Expanding the Scope of Hatred
In Arab and Muslim publications and media, the scope of anti-Semitism
has expanded beyond obscurantist clerics or fanatic nationalists
to include ostensibly liberal, enlightened, and professional milieus. In
this discourse, the interchangeability of Jews, Zionists, and Israelis
is unmistakable. All three are alternately threatened with outright
extermination. More than two decades after the Israeli-Egyptian peace
treaty, the Egyptian psychiatrist Dr. Adel Sadeq, who often accuses
President Bush and the West of ignorance about the Arab psyche,
calls for fighting Israel to the finish:
What is happening now indicates that Israel will not exist forever.
We as Arabs must know that this war will not end..., and anyone
who deludes himself that that there will be peace must understand
that Israel did not come to this region to love the Arabs or to
normalize relations with them....Either the Israelis or the Palestinians,
there is no third option....There are no Israeli civilians, they
are all plunderers, for history teaches this. I am completely convinced
that the psychological effect of the Islamikaze on the Israeli usurper
will be his realizing that his existence is temporary....Remove the
Apache from the equation, leave them one on one with the Palestinian
people with the only weapon being dynamite, then you will see all
Israelis leave, because there is not even one Israeli among them
willing to don a belt of explosives....We will throw Israel into the
sea, there is no middle ground. Coexistence is total nonsense....The
real means of dealing with Israel directly is those who blow themselves
up. According to what I see in the battle arena, there is no other
way but the pure, noble Palestinian bodies. This is the only Arab
weapon there is, and anyone who says otherwise is a conspirator.5
If statements of this sort are made by mainstream opinion makers,
often graduates of Western universities at the doctoral level, in such
"moderate" countries as Egypt and Saudi Arabia, how much more
so by Islamic fundamentalists and other haters of Israel and Jews. For
instance, in the Egyptian government-owned weekly October, founded
and edited by Anis Mansur,6 one of the most virulent anti-Semites in
the Arab world and a close associate of the late Anwar Sadat, a retired
general named Hassan Sweilem had this to say:
Throughout history, since Emperor Justinian and down to Hitler,
Europe's rulers had been trying to rid themselves of the acts of
violence, barbarism, corruption, conflict-mongering, and other deeds
that Jews were, and still are, in the practice of perpetrating in European
societies..., like, for example, their domination of monetary
systems, treasuries, banks, and commercial monopolies, which has
caused widespread bankruptcy and economic destruction. They also
disseminate drugs, prostitution, trade in women as sexual slaves, and
alcohol. They have also monopolized the gold and precious stone
trade, paid bribes to rulers and extorted them throughout history....
The Jews stood behind wars and internal strife, and that caused
European rulers to expel them and kill them. For example, the Crusader
armies, passing through the Rhine basin on their way east,
massacred them and burned their houses as an act of repentance to
their God. When the Crusaders entered Jerusalem, they collected
the Jews in a synagogue and burned them live. Their kin in Russia
suffered a similar fate....They were expelled from France, England,
Germany, Hungary, Belgium, Slovakia, Austria, Holland, and finally
from Spain, after they underwent the Inquisition trials for their
conspiracy to penetrate Christian society like a Trojan horse....The
Jewish conspiracy to take over Europe generated civil revolutions,
wars, and internal strife....The Cromwell Revolution failed in 1649
in England, following the Jewish conspiracy to drag England into
several wars in Europe....Then the French Revolution broke out,
which the Jews had planned, based on the first conference of their
rabbis and interest-loaners that had been convened by the first Rothschild
in 1773 in order to take over all the world resources....That
conference adopted twenty-four protocols, including the uprooting
of the belief in God from the hearts of the Gentiles, distracting
people by distributing among them literature of heresy and impurity,
destruction of the family and eradication of all morality....7
This article further "credited" the Jews with: putting Napoleon
on the throne and then causing his demise, the 1776 war between
Britain and the nascent United States, establishing the Bank of America
with a view to controlling America's wealth, and then instigating
the American Civil War. Sweilem also says the Protocols were written
in 1770 by a German rabbi, financed by Rothschild, again in order "to
destroy all governments and religions, spread anarchy and revolution,
trigger wars, take over the wealth of nations, spread corruption among
the youth, and control rulers by implanting in their governments Jewish
ministers and advisers." Moreover, he explains that the Jews ordered
the start of World War I, got the United States involved by spreading
the rumor that an American ship had been sunk by the Germans,
and, during the war, prepared the ground for both Communism and
Nazism as an extension of the work of Marx and Engels a half-century
earlier. Eventually Communism and Nazism confronted each other,
"exactly as the Jews had planned." And if this was not enough, the
Jews also caused the fall of the Ottoman Empire so as to concentrate
wealth in their hands; and the Second World War erupted because of
the constraints the Allies imposed on the Germans at Versailles - by
order, Sweilem says, of the Jews.8
All this, from a mainstream member of the Egyptian elite. Muslim
fundamentalists are even more extreme in this regard - as, for example,
in the Hamas Charter.9
Anti-Semitism as a Tool to Combat Israel
The above October article does not present historical findings for
scholarly or educational purposes; instead it defames the Jews while
warning of the "dangers" they pose to the world. The implication is
that the Jewish state threatens world peace and is therefore illegitimate.
These allegations, some of which have been imported from Europe to
the Middle East and then reexported to the West, have become so
commonplace that they are not viewed as propaganda but rather as
conventional wisdom and documented history. Almost no intellectual
or academic will dare to question their validity lest he be called a
"traitor" to the Arab-Islamic cause.
Thus, forged citations and made-up "facts," for which one could
be prosecuted in Western countries, are common currency in Islamic
countries. The misguided masses, who have neither an interest in
the facts nor a way to learn them beyond the propaganda they are
exposed to, are reinforced in their antagonism toward Israel and
the Jews.
Palestinian Islamikaze bombings against Israel have often been
couched in anti-Zionist terms and justified in terms of the alleged
machinations and dangers posed by the Jews. An anonymous Egyptian
columnist, for example, like many other Egyptian pundits, specifically
urged the Islamikaze to step up their operations against the Jews, and
called for more Muslim volunteers to join them:
...with every blow struck by Al-Aqsa Intifadah, my conviction grows
stronger that I, and those like-minded, have been right all along,
and I am still right in my belief that the despised racist Jewish entity
will be annihilated. Contrary to others, however, I am not ashamed
to speak about driving them into the sea, to hell or to the trash heap
where they belong....I maintain, and Allah is my witness, that the
annihilation and defeat of the Israelis, after which there will be no
resurrection, does not require all those things. All that is required
is to concentrate on acts of martyrdom, or what is known as the
"strategy of the balance of fear...."
Let us do some mathematical calculations: 250 Palestinians have
signed up for martyrdom operations, and it is not impossible to raise
their number to 1000 throughout the Arab world...i.e., one fida'i out
of every 250,000 Arabs. The average harvest of each act of martyrdom
is 10 dead and 50 wounded. Thus, 1000 acts of martyrdom would
leave the Zionists with at least 10,000 dead and 50,000 wounded.
This is double the Israeli casualties in all their wars with the Arabs
since 1948 [sic].10 They cannot bear this. There is also the added
advantage, not noted by many, of the negative Jewish emigration,
which as a result of 1,000 martyrdom operations, will come to at
least one million Jews, followed by the return of every Jew to the
place whence he came....
I amsigning myself up as the first martyr from Egypt and declare
that I am ready to commit an act of martyrdom at any moment. I
will place myself under the command of Hassan Nasrallah, the
Hamas, Islamic Jihad and any other Jihad movement....Never in my
life have I asked Allah for money, honor or power. All I have asked,
all I ask, all I will ask, is that Allah allow me to become a Shahid
and grant me the honor of reaping as great a harvest as possible of
Israeli lives....11
This statement, which appeared in a mainstream journal in a
country that had signed a peace treaty with Israel more than two
decades earlier, did not encounter the least objection from other
writers, the authorities, or human rights groups anywhere. Instead, it
was echoed in other Islamic media. From Iran came reports of funds
raised to support Palestinian "suicide operations" against Israel, as
well as promises from Teheran to Islamic Jihad that its financial
assistance would no longer be channeled through Hizbullah but disbursed
directly to it.12 Israel is perceived as a danger to the entire
region, not just the Palestinians, and Ayatollah Khomeini was cited
as proclaiming that:
the goal of this virus Israel, that was planted in the heart of the
Muslim world, is not only to annihilate the Arab nation but also
Islam. Therefore the solution is to annihilate this virus, for there is
no other treatment....The Islamic states and the Muslims should
initiate the annihilation of this den of corruption in every possible
way. It is permitted to use charity money for that purpose....13
Similar calls to "annihilate the Jews" have become routine in
Muslim mosques and in the writings of Saudi and other Muslim
writers.14
Holocaust Denial
Holocaust denial is not new in Muslim countries, which have sponsored
lecture tours by "revisionist historians" while also prohibiting the
screening of Schindler's List. But recently, especially since the eruption
of the Al-Aqsa Intifada, this has become a favorite pastime.
Holocaust denial assists in sustaining the longstanding accusations
against the Jews, who are charged with "cultivating that legend and
turning it into a fact that ties the hands of historians."15
The Jews are
also condemned for "forging history," a charge that dates back to the
inception of Islam, despite the "constant refutation by scientific articles
that have proved that there have never been gas chambers, or that the
numbers of the dead were significantly lower."16 It is also claimed that
the Jews actually benefited from World War II, since if Japan and
Germany had won, the Jews "could not have continued to blackmail
the Gentiles with their lies."17 Abu Mazen, the purportedly moderate
successor of Yasser Arafat, devoted a doctoral thesis to Holocaust
denial that was eventually published as a book.18
From denying or downplaying the Holocaust to accusing the Jews
of conspiring with Nazism against their own people, as Abu Mazen
and others have done, the road is short to defending Hitler against
the "offenses" caused him by the Jews and their supporters. Following
Western and Israeli protests to the Egyptian government about the
widespread sympathy for Hitler in the Egyptian and Arab press in
general,19 the government-owned daily Al-Akhbar relented only briefly
before returning to its fascination with the Nazi despot. This time a
cleric from al-Azhar University, Mahmud Khadr, titled his contribution
"In Defense of Hitler" and condemned not only Israel and the
Jews but also the West:
...Hitler and many of his ministers took their own lives so that they
would not have to see the faces of the old ape, Churchill, and the
big bear, Stalin, who would sentence them to death with no one to
defend them....Each one of them has a right to his defense..., but
Hitler's executioners took his right away and attributed to him crimes,
whether he committed them or not. I do not know what would have
happened to Roosevelt, Churchill and de Gaulle, had Hitler won.
Perhaps the crimes for which they deserve the death sentence would
have been much worse than all that Hitler had done....
But all of Hitler's crimes and infractions were forgotten, except
for the crime that was exaggerated and blown completely out of
proportion, thanks to the insistence of world Zionism to continue
to stoke the fire. The reason for this was the emotional need of the
sons of Jacob to extort Germany and to eat away at its resources.
It is amazing that Westerners, who are entitled to their own thinking,
to confirming or denying anything, including the existence of the
Prophets of Allah, cannot address the Jewish question, or more
precisely the false Holocaust, whose numbers and scope they have
exaggerated, until it has reached the level of the merciless destruction
of six million Jews, only because Hitler saw them as an inferior
race unworthy of living next to the Germanic race, which must rule
the world...
Anyone who knocks on this door is accused of the most horrible
things, and is tried in all Western courts for anti-Semitism..., for two
reasons: one is due to Zionist control of thinking in the world and
the degree of oppression of thought by the Zionist propaganda apparatus
in those nations. No one can oppose this oppression for fear
of going to prison or having his livelihood or reputation threatened....
The second is the fear that the lies of Zionism would be exposed if
the subject of the Holocaust is investigated factually and the logical
conclusions are drawn...
The first dubious fact is the number of six million Jews who
were burnt in the gas chambers. Did they have children or families
who demanded compensation, or did Zionism see itself as their heir?
If we assume that everyone had an average of five family members,
this would bring the number of the Jews affected to 30 million. It
is certain that many Jews escaped before the ship sunk, that many
of them survived, despite the so-called extermination and burning.
This would mean that the number of Jews in Germany amounted
to 60 million, although the total number of Germans has never
reached this many....Even if we cross off one zero from the six million
and we are left with a tenth of this number, it would still seem
exaggerated and would have to be investigated....20
It is difficult to imagine that the writer did not verify the number of
Germany's population during the war, or that most of the exterminated
Jews were not German but Polish, Baltic, or Soviet, or that in many
cases entire Jewish families, often over three generations, were decimated,
with no heir left behind to claim damages. All these manipulations
of numbers are taken from the books of Holocaust deniers and are
aimed at diminishing its dimensions and accusing the Jews of inflating
them. A corollary of this line of thought has been to claim that since
Hitler had no reason to exterminate so many Jews, therefore he did
not. But Holocaust deniers, including Arabs and Muslims, are caught
in the contradiction of both lessening its numbers and citing the alleged
"threat" that the Jews posed to the Germans, hence the "imperative"
to eliminate them.
Poisoning as the Ultimate Jewish Conspiracy
The constant use of the Protocols and the blood libel in the Arab
media, especially in new telenovellas and "documentaries" during the
peak viewing month of Ramadan, creates an ambience in which any
charge against the Jews is readily believed and repeated in other media
as well. This is no less true in countries such as Jordan and Egypt
that supposedly have made peace with Israel.
Among such claims the most virulent type deals with poisoning,
and originates from the well-poisoning myth of classical European
anti-Semitism. Arafat often accused Israel of distributing poisoned
sweets to Palestinian children, or using depleted uranium in bullets
so as to sexually incapacitate Palestinian fighters and thus diminish
their numbers. At the height of this campaign, the Palestinian representative
to the UN Human Rights Commission in Geneva, Dr.
Abdallah Ramlawi, said Israel had injected three hundred Palestinian
children with HIV-positive serum so as to impair their reproductive
organs.
When Israel sent experts to Egypt to develop high-tech agriculture
in the Nile Delta, with successful results, media reports claimed these
Jews had come to Egypt, which did not need them and had sufficient
agricultural know-how, only to poison Egypt's soil and destroy its age old,
sophisticated farming. Newspapers also recycled the allegation
that Israel had distributed throughout the Arab world an aphrodisiac
chewing gum aimed at stoking Muslim women's sexual desire so as
to lead them astray.
Perhaps most notable in this regard was the accusation, initiated
by Palestinians and then embellished by other Arabs and Muslims,
the United Nations, the European press, and even the Red Cross,
about Israel "poisoning school girls" in the Jenin district of the West
Bank. This story became a cause célèbre in March and April 1983,
despite the fact that several investigations by Israeli and international
bodies found it totally false.21 No one outside Israel, however, criticized
the Palestinians, and the other Arabs and Muslims, for this hoax, and
they concluded that they could spread such fabrications with impunity.
After the 11 September attack and the anthrax panic in the United
States, the Egyptian scientific journal al-'Ilm turned the tables on
America, and Israel, by accusing them of committing war crimes with
weapons of mass destruction:
In the summer of 1949 cholera spread throughout Egypt, following
the establishment of Israel in 1948. Egyptian documents indicate
that the disease originated from Israel....The US used germs in Vietnam
and against North Korea and China....Biological weapons research
is being conducted by Israeli universities. Prior to the October
War of 1973, they injected birds with germs and released them above
Jordan, Palestine and the Suez Canal....The US and Israel keep
biological weapons at American bases; if they were to be used, they
would destroy half the population of the area under attack. Some
of this weaponry makes women miscarry....
Also, Jewish tourists infected with AIDS are traveling around
Asian and African countries with the aim of spreading the disease....It
is no coincidence that the US is the only member of the UN that
has not signed the agreement on punishment for the collective annihilation
of people....Israel continues to use germ warfare to destroy
the Palestinian people on its occupied land, thus challenging the
international community....22
Summing Up
Anti-Semitic notions are so widespread in the Arab and Islamic worlds
that they are taken for granted. Children are "educated" in their light,
adults with university degrees read and write about them in the press,
clerics preach them in mosques, politicians invoke them in speeches,
and the media generally abound with them. Anti-Semitism has indeed
become a basic part of education and socialization in these countries.
The governments, including those that have signed peace agreements
with Israel, do nothing to discourage the phenomenon and often wink
in approval. These expressions, including those emanating from the
cultural hub of the Arab world, Egypt, are widely circulated and create
a "demand" for more.
Israel's own leniency toward this phenomenon, its failure to insist
on its elimination as a condition for diplomatic exchange, contributes
to its persistence. Simply demanding an end to anti-Jewish incitement
in Muslim countries would not be enough; a mechanism would also
be needed to monitor and curtail it. When Jörg Haider's Freedom
Party joined the Austrian coalition in 2000, the Israeli government
immediately recalled its ambassador from Vienna even though Haider
had retracted his pro-Nazi statements. The anti-Semitic statements of
Arab politicians, clerics, intellectuals, and pundits are, however, much
more severe, prevalent, and persistent, yet Israel does not address the
phenomenon seriously.
If Israel and world Jewry wish to combat Islamic and Arab anti-
Semitism, this state of affairs cannot persist. Only if Muslims and
Arabs are made to pay a heavy price for their encouragement of hatred
and violence will their governments move to curb these phenomena
in the education systems, media, mosque sermons, and political statements.
Only the West is capable of levying such a price through pressures,
sanctions, and threats, backed by action when necessary. A
determination by the West to combat anti-Semitism in all its forms is
the prerequisite for mitigating it in the Muslim world. It is primarily
Israel that must insist that the West take on this role.
* * *
Notes
1. Al-Ahram (Egypt), 25 April 2002 (Arabic).
2. Al-Manar Television (Lebanon-Hizbullah), 24 April 2002 (Arabic).
3. A term coined by the present author in his book Islamikaze: Manifestations
of Islamic Martyrology (London: Frank Cass, 2003), from a combination of
Islam and Kamikaze, designating what is commonly (and mistakenly) referred
to as "suicide bombers."
4. Ibid.
5. Iqra' Television (Saudi Arabia and Egypt), 24April 2002 (Arabic). See Memri
373, 30 April 2002.
6. For some of his most extreme condemnations of the Jews, see Raphael Israeli,
Peace Is in the Eye of the Beholder (Berlin and New York: Mouton, 1985),
esp. the concluding chapter.
7. October (Egypt), 17 June 2001 (Arabic).
8. Ibid.
9. Raphael Israeli, Fundamentalist Islam and Israel (New York: University Press
of America, 1993), pp. 123-170.
10. In fact the number of Israeli fatalities has long surpassed twenty thousand,
fourfold the author's estimate.
11. Al-Usbu' (Egypt), 28 May 2001 (Arabic). See Memri 224, 4 June 2001.
12. Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), 8 June 2002 (Arabic).
13. Al-Manar Television (Lebanon-Hizbullah), 2 June 2002 (Arabic).
14. Al-Mustaqbal (Lebanon), 19 March 2002 (Arabic); Al-'Ukadh (Saudi Arabia),
22 November 2001 (Arabic); Al-Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), 22 November
2001 (Arabic).
15. Al-Wafd (Egypt), 13 February 2000 (Arabic); Al-Ahram (Egypt), 19 April
2000 (Arabic); Egyptian Gazette, 20 April 2000 (Arabic).
16. Al-Ahram (Egypt), 30 December 1999 (Arabic).
17. Al-Hayat (London), 31 January 2000 (Arabic); Al-Akhbar (Egypt), 26 January
2000 (Arabic); Al-Ahram (Egypt), 18 April, 17 May 2000 (Arabic); Egyptian
Gazette, 17 April 2000 (Arabic), etc.
18. The Secret Ties between the Nazis and the Zionist Movement Leadership
(Amman: Dar Ibn Rushd, 1984) (Arabic).
19. See Israeli, Peace, esp. pp. 33-34, 231, 326.
20. Al-Akhbar (Egypt), 27 May 2001 (Arabic). See Memri 231, 20 June 2001.
21. See Raphael Israeli, Poison: Manifestations of a Blood Libel (New York and
Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002).
22. Al-'Ilm (Egypt), November 2001 (Arabic). See Memri 322, 28 December
2001.
* * *
PROF. RAPHAEL ISRAELI was born in Fez, Morocco, and received his Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley. Since 1974 he has taught in the Departments of Middle Eastern History and Chinese History and been a senior fellow of the Truman Research Institute at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a fellow of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, and a member of the Steering Committee of the Ariel Center for Policy Research. Prof. Israeli has authored some twenty books and one hundred articles on the Muslim, Arab, and Chinese worlds.
The opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect
those of the Board of Fellows of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.
The above essay appears in the Fall 2005 issue of the Jewish Political Studies Review, the first and only journal dedicated to the study of Jewish political institutions and behavior, Jewish political thought, and Jewish public affairs.
Published by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (http://www.jcpa.org/), the JPSR appears twice a year in the form of two double issues, either of a general nature or thematic, with contributors including outstanding scholars from the United States, Israel, and abroad. The hard copy of the Spring 2005 issue will be available in the coming weeks."
From the Editors: Manfred Gerstenfeld and Shmuel Sandler
The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries by Avi Beker
European Politics: Double Standards toward Israel by Manfred Gerstenfeld
Annals of Israeli-Albanian Contacts on Establishing Diplomatic Relations by Yosef Govrin
Perspectives - Jomo Kenyatta and Israel by Asher Naim
Assessing the American Jewish Institutional Response to Global Anti-Semitism by Steven Windmueller
The New Muslim Anti-Semitism: Exploring Novel Avenues of Hatred by Raphael Israeli
Arab and Muslim Anti-Semitism in Sweden by Mikael Tossavainen
Kill a Jew - Go to Heaven:
The Perception of the Jew in Palestinian Society by Itamar Marcus and Barbara Crook
Israel in the Australian Media by Tzvi Fleischer
Barbara Tuchman's Comments on Israel by Moshe Yegar
Hidden in Plain Sight: Alexis de Tocqueville's Recognition of the Jewish Origin of the Idea of Equality by Joel Fishman
Perspectives - The Seventh-Century Christian Obsession with the Jews: A Historical Parallel for the Present?
by Rivkah Duker Fishman
Book Reviews:
Isi Leibler on Tower of Babble: How the United Nations
Has Fueled Global Chaos by Dore Gold
Shalom Freedman on Iran's Nuclear Option: Tehran's Quest
for the Atom Bomb by Al J. Venter
Shalom Freedman on Rabin and Israel's National Security
by Efraim Inbar
Freddy Eytan on The Long Journey to Asia
by Moshe Yegar
Susanne Urban on From Cooperation to Complicity:
Degussa in the Third Reich by Peter Hayes,
and The Nazi Dictatorship and the Deutsche Bank
by Harold James
Joel Fishman on The Oslo Syndrome: Delusions of a People
under Siege by Kenneth Levin
Manfred Gerstenfeld on Rising from the Muck: The New
Anti-Semitism in Europe by Pierre-André
Taguieff
Manfred Gerstenfeld on Les territoires perdus de la
République: Antisémitisme, racisme et sexisme en milieu
scolaire by Emmanuel Brenner
Manfred Gerstenfeld on Holocaust Justice: The Battle for
Restitution in America's Courts by Michael J. Bazyler
Shalom Freedman on Double or Nothing: Jewish Families
and Mixed Marriages by Sylvia Barack Fishman
About the Contributors
Jewish Political Studies Review
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